trade · indicator
Total reserves expressed as the number of months of imports they could finance — a standard measure of reserve adequacy (3 months is a common minimum benchmark).
Global · 2025
Baseline · 2026
How it’s forecast
Reserves cover uses a mean reversion model with a 10-year lookback, 70% recent-data weight, 80% confidence band, and horizons of 1, 3, 5, 10 years.
Why it matters
Higher readings are generally healthier for this metric.
Trajectory
Before consensus
Countries whose latest reading deviates most from their own recent trend.
Rankings
By country
Observed history with a baseline / optimistic / pessimistic forecast for the largest current readings.
Forecast
Per-country latest reading and baseline forecast across horizons.
| Country | Latest | Year | 1y | 3y | 5y | 10y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 16.6 | 2020 | 15.1 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 11.6 |
| Albania | 7.2 | 2025 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 |
| Algeria | 16.5 | 2024 | 16.9 | 17.3 | 17.5 | 17.7 |
| Angola | 5.3 | 2025 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.2 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 3.0 | 2025 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| Argentina | 4.1 | 2025 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.1 |
| Armenia | 3.4 | 2025 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.1 |
| Aruba | 5.8 | 2023 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 |
| Australia | 1.6 | 2025 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Austria | 1.8 | 2025 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
| Azerbaijan | 5.0 | 2025 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
| Bahamas, The | 4.0 | 2024 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Bahrain | 1.4 | 2024 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Bangladesh | 3.9 | 2025 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.5 |
| Barbados | 1.3 | 2017 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
| Belarus | 3.0 | 2025 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
| Belgium | 1.0 | 2025 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Belize | 3.5 | 2025 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| Bhutan | 6.6 | 2024 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.5 |
| Bolivia | 0.5 | 2025 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 5.2 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 6.5 | 2024 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 7.1 |
| Botswana | 4.8 | 2024 | 5.7 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.9 |
| Brazil | 8.4 | 2025 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 11.6 |
| Brunei | 7.9 | 2025 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 6.9 |
| Bulgaria | 7.2 | 2025 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 8.0 |
| Burundi | 0.7 | 2023 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
| Cabo Verde | 8.7 | 2025 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 6.8 |
| Cambodia | 7.9 | 2025 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 |
| Cameroon | 5.3 | 2024 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 |
| Canada | 1.6 | 2025 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Cayman Islands | 0.3 | 2024 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Central African Republic | 9.6 | 1994 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.2 |
| Chad | 2.3 | 1994 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 |
| Chile | 4.2 | 2025 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
| China | 11.9 | 2025 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 13.0 |
| Colombia | 7.3 | 2025 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 |
| Comoros | 7.6 | 2023 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 |
| Congo | 1.6 | 2021 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.7 |
| Costa Rica | 4.6 | 2025 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 |
| Croatia | 0.7 | 2024 | 2.3 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 6.0 |
| Cyprus | 0.5 | 2025 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Czechia | 7.6 | 2025 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 |
| DR Congo | 1.7 | 2023 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
| Denmark | 4.4 | 2024 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Djibouti | 0.9 | 2024 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| Dominica | 3.9 | 2025 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.6 |
| Dominican Republic | 4.0 | 2025 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Ecuador | 2.9 | 2025 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
| Egypt | 4.4 | 2025 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
| El Salvador | 2.4 | 2025 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 0.0 | 1996 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Eritrea | 0.8 | 2000 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 |
| Estonia | 0.7 | 2025 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| Eswatini | 1.9 | 2024 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
| Ethiopia | 1.8 | 2024 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
| Fiji | 4.4 | 2024 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Finland | 1.7 | 2025 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| France | 3.5 | 2025 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
| Gabon | 4.2 | 2015 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.8 |
| Gambia, The | 4.8 | 2024 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 |
| Georgia | 3.0 | 2025 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Germany | 3.1 | 2025 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 |
| Ghana | 1.6 | 2024 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
| Greece | 1.3 | 2024 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Grenada | 4.4 | 2025 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Guatemala | 7.4 | 2024 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
| Guinea | 1.3 | 2024 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
| Guyana | 0.8 | 2023 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
| Haiti | 6.8 | 2024 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.8 |
| Honduras | 5.3 | 2025 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
| Hong Kong | 5.7 | 2023 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 |
| Hungary | 3.5 | 2025 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| Iceland | 5.3 | 2025 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.8 |
| India | 7.9 | 2025 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.5 |
| Indonesia | 5.5 | 2025 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 |
| Iran | 5.8 | 1982 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.1 |
| Iraq | 11.2 | 2024 | 11.7 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 12.7 |
| Ireland | 0.1 | 2024 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Israel | 14.5 | 2025 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.2 |
| Italy | 5.7 | 2025 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.7 |
| Jamaica | 6.5 | 2024 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.7 |
| Japan | 14.0 | 2025 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 15.0 |
| Jordan | 7.8 | 2024 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.1 |
| Kazakhstan | 7.4 | 2025 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 |
| Kenya | 4.0 | 2024 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Kosovo | 1.8 | 2025 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
| Kuwait | 8.4 | 2025 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.2 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | 3.9 | 2024 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.5 |
| Laos | 2.4 | 2024 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Latvia | 2.0 | 2025 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
| Lebanon | 13.6 | 2023 | 15.1 | 16.8 | 17.7 | 18.4 |
| Lesotho | 5.5 | 2024 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 |
| Liberia | 2.0 | 2024 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.3 |
| Libya | 31.6 | 2023 | 35.8 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 36.0 |
| Lithuania | 1.2 | 2025 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Luxembourg | 0.1 | 2025 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Macao | 9.0 | 2024 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 9.9 |
| Madagascar | 5.5 | 2024 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 |
| Malawi | 1.9 | 2020 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
| Malaysia | 4.5 | 2024 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.2 |
| Maldives | 1.3 | 2024 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 |
| Malta | 0.2 | 2024 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Mauritania | 5.4 | 2021 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 |
| Mauritius | 5.2 | 2024 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Mexico | 3.7 | 2025 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 5.3 | 2014 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 |
| Moldova | 5.4 | 2025 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 |
| Mongolia | 3.3 | 2024 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| Montenegro | 3.9 | 2025 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.5 |
| Morocco | 5.9 | 2025 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 |
| Mozambique | 3.4 | 2024 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
| Myanmar | 3.3 | 2019 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.3 |
| Namibia | 4.0 | 2024 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Nepal | 13.0 | 2024 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 9.7 |
| Netherlands | 0.7 | 2024 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| New Zealand | 3.9 | 2025 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
| Nicaragua | 5.7 | 2024 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.6 |
| Nigeria | 7.1 | 2025 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.1 |
| North Macedonia | 4.6 | 2025 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Norway | 4.4 | 2025 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Oman | 3.7 | 2024 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.8 |
| Pakistan | 3.8 | 2025 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 |
| Panama | 1.7 | 2025 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Papua New Guinea | 4.9 | 2024 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 |
| Paraguay | 5.6 | 2024 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 |
| Peru | 10.4 | 2025 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 12.0 |
| Philippines | 7.3 | 2025 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.2 |
| Poland | 5.9 | 2025 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.0 |
| Portugal | 3.1 | 2024 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| Qatar | 7.5 | 2025 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.9 |
| Romania | 5.5 | 2025 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 |
| Russia | 16.8 | 2024 | 16.2 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 14.9 |
| Rwanda | 4.2 | 2024 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Samoa | 12.4 | 2025 | 10.7 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 7.0 |
| San Marino | 2.9 | 2023 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 3.5 | 2024 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 |
| Saudi Arabia | 15.6 | 2025 | 17.9 | 20.7 | 22.0 | 23.1 |
| Serbia | 6.2 | 2025 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Seychelles | 3.7 | 2024 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| Sierra Leone | 1.8 | 2024 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.7 |
| Singapore | 4.4 | 2025 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
| Slovakia | 1.5 | 2025 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
| Slovenia | 0.7 | 2025 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Solomon Islands | 8.9 | 2024 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 9.8 |
| South Africa | 6.2 | 2025 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.6 |
| South Korea | 6.5 | 2025 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.2 |
| South Sudan | 0.2 | 2023 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Spain | 2.0 | 2025 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| Sri Lanka | 2.9 | 2024 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | 4.4 | 2025 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.3 |
| St. Lucia | 3.0 | 2025 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 4.7 | 2025 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.7 |
| Sudan | 0.2 | 2017 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Suriname | 3.3 | 2025 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 |
| Sweden | 2.1 | 2025 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
| Switzerland | 13.2 | 2025 | 14.0 | 14.9 | 15.4 | 15.7 |
| Syria | 11.7 | 2010 | 10.6 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 8.3 |
| Tajikistan | 5.7 | 2025 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 |
| Tanzania | 5.4 | 2018 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 |
| Thailand | 8.0 | 2025 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.5 |
| Timor-Leste | 6.1 | 2025 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Tonga | 10.8 | 2024 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 9.8 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 5.7 | 2024 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 8.5 |
| Tunisia | 4.5 | 2024 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Türkiye | 4.7 | 2024 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
| Uganda | 2.4 | 2024 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 |
| Ukraine | 5.0 | 2024 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
| United Arab Emirates | 5.2 | 2024 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 |
| United Kingdom | 1.4 | 2025 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
| United States | 2.8 | 2025 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.8 |
| Uruguay | 8.7 | 2025 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
| Uzbekistan | 10.3 | 2024 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 13.7 | 14.3 |
| Vanuatu | 12.6 | 2022 | 11.6 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 9.4 |
| Venezuela | 3.7 | 2016 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
| Vietnam | 2.4 | 2024 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
| West Bank and Gaza | 2.3 | 2025 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
| Yemen, Rep. | 1.2 | 2016 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.7 |
| Zambia | 3.3 | 2024 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| Zimbabwe | 0.5 | 2024 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
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Sources
Reserves cover uses a mean reversion model with a 10-year lookback, 70% recent-data weight, 80% confidence band, and horizons of 1, 3, 5, 10 years.
